diff --git a/fonts/pixel_font.cpp b/fonts/pixel_font.cpp
index 37b7e68..874caf1 100644
--- a/fonts/pixel_font.cpp
+++ b/fonts/pixel_font.cpp
@@ -8,13 +8,7 @@ void pf_print_char(char c, SUINT32 basex, SUINT32 basey, EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT
     for (SUINT32 y = 0; y < 16; y++) {
         SUINT8 data = hankaku_pixels[c][y];
         for (SSINT32 x = 7; x >= 0; x--) {
-            // 解码Hankaku字体
-            /*
-            既然都在这了，就讲一下Hankaku字体是如何解码的
-            比如一个
-            {0x00, 0x82, 0x82, 0x44, 0x44, 0x44, 0x28, 0x28, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00}
-            每一个Hex代表一行，比如0x82就是一行，转换成Bin得到10000010，1代表有像素，0代表没像素
-            */
+            // Hankaku 字体解码：每个字节代表一行，低位在右
             SUINT32 current = data & 1;
             data >>= 1;
             if (current)
@@ -26,6 +20,6 @@ void pf_print_char(char c, SUINT32 basex, SUINT32 basey, EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT
 void pf_print(const char* text, SUINT32 basex, SUINT32 basey, EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL color) {
     for (SUINT32 i = 0; i < str_len(text); i++) {
         char c = text[i];
-        pf_print_char(c, basex + i * 8, basey, color); // 只要 字数 * 8 + basex 不爆hr就没事
+        pf_print_char(c, basex + i * 8, basey, color);
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/fonts/ttf/ttf.cpp b/fonts/ttf/ttf.cpp
index 191608a..c6b31e4 100644
--- a/fonts/ttf/ttf.cpp
+++ b/fonts/ttf/ttf.cpp
@@ -4,14 +4,12 @@
 #include <memory/heap.h>
 #include <serial.h>
 
-// Per-glyph scratch — kept static to avoid stack pressure for big Chinese glyphs
+// 逐字形临时缓冲区 — 静态分配以避免大中文字形的栈压力
 static ttf_outline_t  s_outline;
 static ttf_seg_t      s_segs[4096];
 static SUINT8         s_coverage[256 * 256];
 
-// Render one glyph bitmap at screen (px, py) where py is the glyph TOP
-// (already converted from baseline).  (px, py) may be negative — caller
-// must have clipped into the visible region.
+// 在屏幕 (px, py) 处渲染单个字形位图，py 为字形顶部（已从基线转换）
 static void blit_glyph(SSINT32 px, SSINT32 py, SUINT32 w, SUINT32 h,
     const SUINT8* coverage, SUINT32 N,
     EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL color)
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ static void blit_glyph(SSINT32 px, SSINT32 py, SUINT32 w, SUINT32 h,
     }
 }
 
-// Render a single codepoint at (x, y) = baseline. Returns advance (26.6).
+// 在基线 (x, y) 处渲染单个码点，返回进宽（26.6 定点数）
 static f26_6 render_codepoint(ttf_face_t* face, SSINT32 cp,
     SSINT32 x, SSINT32 y, SUINT32 pixel_size,
     EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL color)
diff --git a/fonts/ttf/ttf_parse.cpp b/fonts/ttf/ttf_parse.cpp
index e4849a1..24273c3 100644
--- a/fonts/ttf/ttf_parse.cpp
+++ b/fonts/ttf/ttf_parse.cpp
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 #include <memory/heap.h>
 #include <serial.h>
 
-// ---- Big-endian readers (TTF is big-endian) ----
+// 大端读取器（TTF 为大端格式）
 static inline SUINT16 rd16(const SUINT8* p) {
     return ((SUINT16)p[0] << 8) | p[1];
 }
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ static const SUINT8* find_table(ttf_face_t* face, const char tag[4]) {
     return NULL;
 }
 
-// ---- UTF-8 ----
+// UTF-8 解码
 SSINT32 ttf_utf8_decode(const char** p) {
     const SUINT8* s = (const SUINT8*)*p;
     SUINT8 b0 = s[0];
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ SSINT32 ttf_utf8_decode(const char** p) {
     return -1;
 }
 
-// ---- cmap ----
+// cmap 子表查找
 static const SUINT8* find_cmap_subtable(ttf_face_t* face) {
     const SUINT8* cmap = face->cmap;
     SUINT16 num = rd16(cmap + 2);
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ static SUINT16 cmap4_lookup(const SUINT8* sub, SSINT32 cp) {
 }
 
 static SUINT16 cmap12_lookup(const SUINT8* sub, SSINT32 cp) {
-    // Format 12 header: format(2) reserved(2) length(4) language(4) nGroups(4)
+    // Format 12 头：format(2) reserved(2) length(4) language(4) nGroups(4)
     SUINT32 nGroups = rd32(sub + 12);
     const SUINT8* g = sub + 16;
     for (SUINT32 i = 0; i < nGroups; i++) {
@@ -108,14 +108,14 @@ SUINT16 ttf_cmap_lookup(ttf_face_t* face, SSINT32 cp) {
     return 0;
 }
 
-// ---- Glyf decode ----
+// glyf 解码
 bool ttf_load_glyph(ttf_face_t* face, SUINT16 glyph_id,
     SUINT32 pixel_size_px, ttf_outline_t* out)
 {
     mem_set(out, 0, sizeof(*out));
     if (glyph_id >= face->num_glyphs) return false;
 
-    // Loca
+    // Loca 索引
     SUINT32 off0, off1;
     if (face->index_to_loc_format == 0) {
         off0 = ((SUINT32)rd16(face->loca + glyph_id * 2))     * 2;
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ bool ttf_load_glyph(ttf_face_t* face, SUINT16 glyph_id,
     }
     if (off0 >= face->glyf_len) return false;
 
-    // Advance width (always readable from hmtx regardless of glyf presence)
+    // 进宽（始终从 hmtx 读取，无论 glyf 是否存在）
     {
         SUINT16 aw;
         if (glyph_id < face->num_long_hor_metrics) {
@@ -138,21 +138,21 @@ bool ttf_load_glyph(ttf_face_t* face, SUINT16 glyph_id,
     }
 
     if (off0 == off1) {
-        // Empty glyph (e.g. space)
+        // 空白字形（如空格）
         return true;
     }
 
     const SUINT8* g = face->glyf + off0;
     SSINT16 numContours = rd16s(g + 0);
     if (numContours < 0) {
-        // Composite glyph — parse component records and merge outlines
+        // 复合字形 — 解析组件记录并合并轮廓
         const SUINT8* cp = g + 10;
         SSINT32 all_xmin = 0x7FFFFFFF, all_ymin = 0x7FFFFFFF;
         SSINT32 all_xmax = -0x7FFFFFFF, all_ymax = -0x7FFFFFFF;
 
-        // Composite glyph flags (OpenType spec):
-        //   0x0001 = ARG_1_AND_2_ARE_WORDS  (16-bit args; else 8-bit)
-        //   0x0002 = ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES    (offsets; else point indices)
+        // 复合字形标志（OpenType 规范）：
+        //   0x0001 = ARG_1_AND_2_ARE_WORDS（16 位参数；否则 8 位）
+        //   0x0002 = ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES（偏移量；否则点索引）
         //   0x0008 = WE_HAVE_A_SCALE
         //   0x0040 = WE_HAVE_A_2x2
         //   0x0080 = WE_HAVE_AN_X_AND_Y_SCALE
@@ -162,41 +162,41 @@ bool ttf_load_glyph(ttf_face_t* face, SUINT16 glyph_id,
             SUINT16 comp_flags = rd16(cp); cp += 2;
             SUINT16 comp_glyph = rd16(cp); cp += 2;
 
-            // Read arguments (size depends on ARG_1_AND_2_ARE_WORDS)
+            // 读取参数（大小取决于 ARG_1_AND_2_ARE_WORDS）
             SSINT32 arg1, arg2;
             if (comp_flags & 0x0001) {
-                // 16-bit signed words
+                // 16 位有符号字
                 arg1 = rd16s(cp); cp += 2;
                 arg2 = rd16s(cp); cp += 2;
             } else {
-                // 8-bit signed bytes
+                // 8 位有符号字节
                 arg1 = (SSINT8)cp[0];
                 arg2 = (SSINT8)cp[1];
                 cp += 2;
             }
 
-            // Read transform scale if present
+            // 如果存在则读取缩放比例
             f26_6 scale = F26_ONE;
             if (comp_flags & 0x0008) {
-                // WE_HAVE_A_SCALE: 16.16 fixed-point
+                // WE_HAVE_A_SCALE：16.16 定点数
                 SSINT16 s16 = rd16s(cp); cp += 2;
                 scale = (f26_6)s16; // already in f26.6 from 16.16
             }
 
-            // Read x/y scale if present
+            // 如果存在则读取 x/y 缩放
             f26_6 scaleX = F26_ONE, scaleY = F26_ONE;
             if (comp_flags & 0x0080) {
-                // WE_HAVE_AN_X_AND_Y_SCALE: two 16.16 values
+                // WE_HAVE_AN_X_AND_Y_SCALE：两个 16.16 值
                 SSINT16 sx16 = rd16s(cp); cp += 2;
                 SSINT16 sy16 = rd16s(cp); cp += 2;
                 scaleX = (f26_6)sx16;
                 scaleY = (f26_6)sy16;
             }
 
-            // Read 2x2 matrix if present
+            // 如果存在则读取 2x2 矩阵
             f26_6 m00 = F26_ONE, m01 = 0, m10 = 0, m11 = F26_ONE;
             if (comp_flags & 0x0040) {
-                // WE_HAVE_A_2x2: four 2.14 values
+                // WE_HAVE_A_2x2：四个 2.14 值
                 SSINT16 a = rd16s(cp); cp += 2;
                 SSINT16 b = rd16s(cp); cp += 2;
                 SSINT16 c = rd16s(cp); cp += 2;
@@ -207,36 +207,36 @@ bool ttf_load_glyph(ttf_face_t* face, SUINT16 glyph_id,
                 m11 = (f26_6)(d >> 8);
             }
 
-            // Load component glyph
+            // 加载组件字形
             ttf_outline_t comp;
             if (!ttf_load_glyph(face, comp_glyph, pixel_size_px, &comp))
                 return false;
 
-            // Determine if args are offsets (XY values) or point indices
+            // 判断参数是偏移量（XY 值）还是点索引
             SSINT32 offset_x = 0, offset_y = 0;
             if (comp_flags & 0x0002) {
-                // ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES: args are pixel offsets (already scaled)
-                // Scale from font units to pixel space like simple glyphs
+                // ARGS_ARE_XY_VALUES：参数是像素偏移量（已缩放）
+                // 从字体单位缩放到像素空间
                 offset_x = (SSINT32)(((SSINT64)arg1 * (SSINT64)pixel_size_px * 64 / face->units_per_em));
                 offset_y = (SSINT32)(((SSINT64)arg2 * (SSINT64)pixel_size_px * 64 / face->units_per_em));
             }
 
-            // Transform and merge component points
+            // 变换并合并组件点
             for (SUINT16 i = 0; i < comp.num_points; i++) {
                 f26_6 fx = comp.x[i];
                 f26_6 fy = comp.y[i];
                 f26_6 tx, ty;
 
                 if (comp_flags & 0x0040) {
-                    // 2x2 matrix transform
+                    // 2x2 矩阵变换
                     tx = f26_mul(m00, fx) + f26_mul(m01, fy);
                     ty = f26_mul(m10, fx) + f26_mul(m11, fy);
                 } else if (comp_flags & 0x0008) {
-                    // Uniform scale
+                    // 均匀缩放
                     tx = f26_mul(scale, fx);
                     ty = f26_mul(scale, fy);
                 } else if (comp_flags & 0x0080) {
-                    // X/Y scale
+                    // x/y 独立缩放
                     tx = f26_mul(scaleX, fx);
                     ty = f26_mul(scaleY, fy);
                 } else {
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ bool ttf_load_glyph(ttf_face_t* face, SUINT16 glyph_id,
     SUINT16 instrLen = rd16(p); p += 2;
     p += instrLen;
 
-    // Decode flags (with REPEAT)
+    // 解码标志（含 REPEAT）
     SUINT8 flags[1024];
     SUINT16 pi = 0;
     while (pi < numPoints) {
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ bool ttf_load_glyph(ttf_face_t* face, SUINT16 glyph_id,
         }
     }
 
-    // Decode x-coords into x_raw[]
+    // 解码 x 坐标到 x_raw[]
     SSINT32 x_raw[1024];
     {
         SSINT32 x = 0;
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ bool ttf_load_glyph(ttf_face_t* face, SUINT16 glyph_id,
             x_raw[i] = x;
         }
     }
-    // Decode y-coords into y_raw[]
+    // 解码 y 坐标到 y_raw[]
     SSINT32 y_raw[1024];
     {
         SSINT32 y = 0;
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ bool ttf_load_glyph(ttf_face_t* face, SUINT16 glyph_id,
         }
     }
 
-    // Scale to pixel space (f26_6)
+    // 缩放到像素空间（f26_6）
     SUINT64 scale_num = (SUINT64)pixel_size_px * 64;
     for (SUINT16 i = 0; i < numPoints; i++) {
         out->x[i] = (f26_6)(((SSINT64)x_raw[i] * (SSINT64)scale_num) / face->units_per_em);
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ bool ttf_load_glyph(ttf_face_t* face, SUINT16 glyph_id,
     return true;
 }
 
-// ---- Open / close ----
+// 打开 / 关闭
 ttf_face_t* ttf_open(const void* data, UINTN size) {
     if (!data || size < 12) return NULL;
     const SUINT8* d = (const SUINT8*)data;
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ void ttf_close(ttf_face_t* face) {
     if (face) kfree(face);
 }
 
-// ---- Metrics (scaled to pixel_size, returned as 26.6 fp) ----
+// 度量值（缩放到 pixel_size，返回 26.6 定点数）
 SSINT32 ttf_ascender (ttf_face_t* face, SUINT32 px) {
     return (SSINT32)(((SSINT64)face->os2_ascender  * (SSINT64)px * 64) / face->units_per_em);
 }
diff --git a/fonts/ttf/ttf_render.cpp b/fonts/ttf/ttf_render.cpp
index fbf7a7c..3aede4d 100644
--- a/fonts/ttf/ttf_render.cpp
+++ b/fonts/ttf/ttf_render.cpp
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 #include "ttf_internal.h"
 #include <string_utils.h>
 
-// ---- Outline -> segments ----
+// 轮廓 → 线段转换
 //
-// TrueType contour walk: for each pair of consecutive points, emit either
-// a line or a quadratic bezier. Two consecutive off-curve points trigger
-// synthesis of an on-curve midpoint.
+// TrueType 轮廓遍历：对每对连续点，发射直线或二次贝塞尔曲线。
+// 两个连续的非曲线点会触发合成一个曲线中点。
 //
-// All coordinates remain in 26.6 fp throughout.
+// 所有坐标全程使用 26.6 定点数。
 void ttf_outline_to_segments(const ttf_outline_t* outline,
     ttf_seg_t* segs, SUINT32* num_segs)
 {
@@ -92,7 +91,7 @@ void ttf_outline_to_segments(const ttf_outline_t* outline,
     }
 }
 
-// ---- Integer sqrt (Newton) ----
+// 整数平方根（牛顿法）
 static SUINT32 isqrt_u64(SUINT64 n) {
     if (n == 0) return 0;
     SUINT32 x = (n > 0xFFFFFFFFu) ? 0xFFFFu : (SUINT32)n;
@@ -101,19 +100,19 @@ static SUINT32 isqrt_u64(SUINT64 n) {
     return x;
 }
 
-// ---- Scanline fill with subpixel supersampling ----
+// 扫描线填充 + 子像素超采样
 //
-// For each output row, run N sub-scanlines at offsets (k+0.5)/N. For each
-// sub-scanline y, collect all x-intersections, sort, fill alternating
-// x-pairs. Sum over N subsamples yields per-pixel coverage in [0, N].
+// 对每个输出行，运行 N 条子扫描线，偏移为 (k+0.5)/N。
+// 对每条子扫描线 y，收集所有 x 交点，排序后交替填充 x 对。
+// 对 N 个子采样求和得到每个像素的覆盖率 [0, N]。
 void ttf_rasterize(const ttf_seg_t* segs, SUINT32 num_segs,
     SSINT32 x0, SSINT32 y0, SUINT32 w, SUINT32 h,
     SUINT8* coverage, SUINT32 N)
 {
-    // Clear coverage
+    // 清空覆盖率缓冲区
     for (SUINT32 i = 0; i < w * h; i++) coverage[i] = 0;
 
-    // Intersection x-buf (per scanline, max possible = num_segs)
+    // 交点 x 缓冲区（每扫描线，最大可能数 = num_segs）
     f26_6 xs[2048];
     if (num_segs > 2048) num_segs = 2048;
 
@@ -222,6 +221,6 @@ void ttf_rasterize(const ttf_seg_t* segs, SUINT32 num_segs,
             }
         }
     }
-    // (Alpha conversion happens at the caller via N.)
+    // 覆盖率转换在调用端通过 N 完成
     (void)x0; (void)y0;
 }
diff --git a/graphics/context.cpp b/graphics/context.cpp
index a80c5d4..fc4d2d0 100644
--- a/graphics/context.cpp
+++ b/graphics/context.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,4 @@
-// GFX 存在的意义是什么？
-// 每一次想要draw pixel，都需要传入GOP的各种参数，
-// 加入 GFX 后，GOP 的context就是全局的，可以直接用
-// 而不用显示传递参数到draw的函数里
+// GFX 全局图形上下文，避免每次绘制都传递 GOP 参数
 
 #include <graphics/context.h>
 
diff --git a/include/fonts/hankaku.h b/include/fonts/hankaku.h
index d4dd12a..672610b 100644
--- a/include/fonts/hankaku.h
+++ b/include/fonts/hankaku.h
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 #include <common.h>
 
-// Hankaku 字体，不动
+// Hankaku 8x16 点阵字体数据
 static SUINT8 hankaku_pixels[256][16] = {
 {0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00},
 {0x10, 0x10, 0x38, 0x38, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0xfe, 0xfe, 0x7c, 0x7c, 0x38, 0x38, 0x10, 0x10, 0x00, 0x00},
diff --git a/include/fonts/pixel_font.h b/include/fonts/pixel_font.h
index 0436bf1..0e6fb97 100644
--- a/include/fonts/pixel_font.h
+++ b/include/fonts/pixel_font.h
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 #include <graphics/context.h>
 #include <string_utils.h>
 
+// 打印单个字符
 void pf_print_char(char c, SUINT32 basex, SUINT32 basey,
-        EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL color = {255, 255, 255, 255});                         // Pixel Font 打印字符
-void pf_print(String text, SUINT32 basex, SUINT32 basey, EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL color = {255, 255, 255, 255}); // Pixel Font 打印string
\ No newline at end of file
+        EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL color = {255, 255, 255, 255});
+// 打印字符串
+void pf_print(String text, SUINT32 basex, SUINT32 basey, EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL color = {255, 255, 255, 255});
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/include/graphics/context.h b/include/graphics/context.h
index 218c242..214f14e 100644
--- a/include/graphics/context.h
+++ b/include/graphics/context.h
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 #pragma once
 
-// 这个文件存在的目的是让graphics的draw功能不用每次传 GOP hr vr base
-
 #include <efi.h>
 #include <common.h>
 
diff --git a/include/serial.h b/include/serial.h
index 21748f8..0297d18 100644
--- a/include/serial.h
+++ b/include/serial.h
@@ -4,14 +4,20 @@
 #include <efiser.h>
 #include <string_utils.h>
 
-struct serial_context { // 串行内容结构体
+// 串行通信上下文
+struct serial_context {
     EFI_SERIAL_IO_PROTOCOL *SerialIo;
 };
 
 extern serial_context g_serial;
 
-void serial_init(EFI_SERIAL_IO_PROTOCOL *SerialIo); // 初始化串行驱动
-void serial_write(String str);                      // 往串行写string
-void serial_write_char(char c);                     // 往串行写char（不推荐使用）
-void serial_write_hex(UINTN val);  // 往串行写十六进制数字
-char serial_read_char();                            // 读串行
\ No newline at end of file
+// 初始化串行驱动
+void serial_init(EFI_SERIAL_IO_PROTOCOL *SerialIo);
+// 写字符串到串行
+void serial_write(String str);
+// 写单个字符到串行（不推荐直接使用）
+void serial_write_char(char c);
+// 写十六进制数字到串行
+void serial_write_hex(UINTN val);
+// 从串行读取一个字符
+char serial_read_char();
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/kernel/entry.cpp b/kernel/entry.cpp
index 616824e..7ce3fd4 100644
--- a/kernel/entry.cpp
+++ b/kernel/entry.cpp
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main();
 extern "C" void _start(EFI_HANDLE ImageHandle, EFI_SYSTEM_TABLE *SystemTable) {
     (void)ImageHandle;
     ST = SystemTable;
-    ASM("cli");  // disable interrupts until IDT is ready
+    // 在 IDT 就绪前禁用中断
+    ASM("cli");
     kernel_main();
     while (1) ASM ("hlt");
 }
diff --git a/kernel/graphics/layer.cpp b/kernel/graphics/layer.cpp
index 651fc49..2e87561 100644
--- a/kernel/graphics/layer.cpp
+++ b/kernel/graphics/layer.cpp
@@ -9,36 +9,35 @@
 #include <pic.h>
 #include <string_utils.h>
 
-// --- Layer list (sorted by z, lowest first) ---
+// 图层列表（按 z 排序，最低在前）
 
 static layer_t g_layers[LAYER_MAX];
 static UINT32  g_layer_count = 0;
 static layer_t* g_layer_list = NULL;
 
-// Compositor back buffer
+// 合成器后台缓冲区
 static EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL* g_back_buffer = NULL;
 
-// Focus tracking
+// 焦点追踪
 static layer_t* g_focused = NULL;
 
-// Shift+F10 state (set by IRQ handler, consumed by compositor)
+// Shift+F10 状态（由 IRQ 处理函数设置，合成器消费）
 static volatile bool     g_shift_held = false;
 static volatile bool     g_switch_pending = false;
 static volatile layer_t* g_switch_target = NULL;
 
-// PS/2 scan code set 1
+// PS/2 扫描码集 1
 #define PS2_F10        0x44
 #define PS2_LSHIFT     0x2A
 #define PS2_RSHIFT     0x36
 #define PS2_BREAK_BIT  0x80
 
-// Forward declare
+// 前向声明
 static void layer_insert_sorted(layer_t* layer);
 static void layer_remove(layer_t* layer);
 static layer_t* find_next_window(layer_t* from);
 
-// --- PS/2 keyboard IRQ handler ---
-
+// PS/2 键盘 IRQ 处理
 static void ps2_irq_handler(trap_frame* frame) {
     (void)frame;
     pic_send_eoi(1);
@@ -63,8 +62,7 @@ static void ps2_irq_handler(trap_frame* frame) {
     }
 }
 
-// --- Layer management ---
-
+// 图层管理
 layer_t* layer_create(const char* name, layer_type_t type, UINT32 w, UINT32 h) {
     if (g_layer_count >= LAYER_MAX) {
         serial_write("LAYER: limit reached\n");
@@ -162,8 +160,7 @@ void layer_set_visible(layer_t* layer, bool visible) {
     layer->visible = visible;
 }
 
-// --- Sorted insert/remove ---
-
+// 有序插入/移除
 static void layer_insert_sorted(layer_t* layer) {
     layer->next = NULL;
 
@@ -216,8 +213,7 @@ static layer_t* find_next_window(layer_t* from) {
     return NULL;
 }
 
-// --- Initialization ---
-
+// 初始化
 void layer_init(void) {
     UINT32 hr = g_gfx.hr;
     UINT32 vr = g_gfx.vr;
@@ -235,7 +231,7 @@ void layer_init(void) {
         p++;
     }
 
-    // Register keyboard IRQ and unmask
+    // 注册键盘 IRQ 并取消屏蔽
     idt_set_handler(PIC_IRQ_BASE + 1, ps2_irq_handler);
     pic_unmask_irq(1);
 
@@ -244,8 +240,7 @@ void layer_init(void) {
     serial_write(" bytes)\n");
 }
 
-// --- Compositor task ---
-
+// 合成器任务
 void layer_compositor_task(void) {
     serial_write("LAYER: compositor task running\n");
 
@@ -253,7 +248,7 @@ void layer_compositor_task(void) {
     UINT32 vr = g_gfx.vr;
 
     while (1) {
-        // Process deferred Shift+F10 switch (safe: not inside IRQ)
+        // 处理延迟的 Shift+F10 窗口切换
         if (g_switch_pending) {
             g_switch_pending = false;
             layer_t* target = (layer_t*)g_switch_target;
@@ -266,13 +261,13 @@ void layer_compositor_task(void) {
             }
         }
 
-        // Clear back buffer
+        // 清除后台缓冲区
         EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL black = {0, 0, 0, 0};
         draw_set_target(g_back_buffer, hr, vr);
         draw_rect(0, 0, hr, vr, black);
         draw_set_default_target();
 
-        // Composite layers from lowest z to highest
+        // 按 z 从低到高合成图层
         layer_t* cur = g_layer_list;
         while (cur) {
             if (cur->visible && cur->buffer) {
@@ -302,7 +297,7 @@ void layer_compositor_task(void) {
             cur = cur->next;
         }
 
-        // Blit to screen
+        // Blit 到屏幕
         uefi_call_wrapper(g_gfx.GOP->Blt, 10,
             g_gfx.GOP,
             g_back_buffer,
diff --git a/kernel/interrupt/idt.cpp b/kernel/interrupt/idt.cpp
index 3379b89..fe23169 100644
--- a/kernel/interrupt/idt.cpp
+++ b/kernel/interrupt/idt.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 #include <pic.h>
 #include <serial.h>
 
-// Defined in isr.S — 256 ISR stubs
+// isr.S 中定义的 256 个 ISR 桩函数
 extern "C" void* isr_stub_table[256];
 
 static idt_entry g_idt[256];
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ void idt_set_handler(UINT8 vector, isr_handler_t handler) {
     g_handlers[vector] = handler;
 }
 
-// Called from isr.S common handler
+// 由 isr.S 通用处理函数调用
 extern "C" void isr_dispatch(trap_frame* frame) {
     UINT8 vector = (UINT8)frame->vector;
 
@@ -31,14 +31,14 @@ extern "C" void isr_dispatch(trap_frame* frame) {
     }
 }
 
-// IDT helpers (defined in idt_helpers.S)
+// IDT 辅助函数（定义在 idt_helpers.S）
 extern "C" void idt_load(UINT64 base, UINT16 limit);
 
 static void idt_set_entry(UINT8 vector, UINT64 handler_addr) {
     g_idt[vector].offset_low  = handler_addr & 0xFFFF;
-    g_idt[vector].selector    = 0x08;  // kernel code segment
+    g_idt[vector].selector    = 0x08;  // 内核代码段
     g_idt[vector].ist         = 0;
-    g_idt[vector].type_attr   = 0x8E;  // present, DPL=0, 64-bit interrupt gate
+    g_idt[vector].type_attr   = 0x8E;  // 存在，DPL=0，64 位中断门
     g_idt[vector].offset_mid  = (handler_addr >> 16) & 0xFFFF;
     g_idt[vector].offset_high = (handler_addr >> 32) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
     g_idt[vector].reserved    = 0;
@@ -47,18 +47,18 @@ static void idt_set_entry(UINT8 vector, UINT64 handler_addr) {
 void idt_init(void) {
     serial_write("IDT: initializing 256 entries\n");
 
-    // Clear IDT
+    // 清空 IDT
     for (SSINT32 i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
         g_idt[i] = {0};
         g_handlers[i] = NULL;
     }
 
-    // Install all 256 ISR stubs
+    // 安装所有 256 个 ISR 桩函数
     for (SSINT32 i = 0; i < 256; i++) {
         idt_set_entry(i, (UINT64)isr_stub_table[i]);
     }
 
-    // Load IDT
+    // 加载 IDT
     g_idt_ptr.limit = sizeof(g_idt) - 1;
     g_idt_ptr.base = (UINT64)&g_idt[0];
     idt_load(g_idt_ptr.base, g_idt_ptr.limit);
diff --git a/kernel/interrupt/pic.cpp b/kernel/interrupt/pic.cpp
index 298232a..038dbfd 100644
--- a/kernel/interrupt/pic.cpp
+++ b/kernel/interrupt/pic.cpp
@@ -13,37 +13,37 @@ static inline UINT8 inb(UINT16 port) {
     return ret;
 }
 
+// 慢速 PIC 的小延迟
 static void pic_wait(void) {
-    // Small delay for slow PICs
     ASM("jmp 1f\n\t1: jmp 1f\n\t1:");
 }
 
 void pic_init(void) {
     serial_write("PIC: remapping 8259 PIC\n");
 
-    // Save masks
+    // 保存掩码
     UINT8 mask1 = inb(PIC1_DATA);
     UINT8 mask2 = inb(PIC2_DATA);
 
-    // ICW1: begin initialization, ICW4 needed
+    // ICW1：开始初始化，需要 ICW4
     outb(PIC1_CMD, 0x11); pic_wait();
     outb(PIC2_CMD, 0x11); pic_wait();
 
-    // ICW2: vector offset
-    outb(PIC1_DATA, PIC_IRQ_BASE);     // IRQ 0-7 → vector 0x20-0x27
+    // ICW2：向量偏移
+    outb(PIC1_DATA, PIC_IRQ_BASE);     // IRQ 0-7 → 向量 0x20-0x27
     pic_wait();
-    outb(PIC2_DATA, PIC_IRQ_BASE + 8); // IRQ 8-15 → vector 0x28-0x2F
+    outb(PIC2_DATA, PIC_IRQ_BASE + 8); // IRQ 8-15 → 向量 0x28-0x2F
     pic_wait();
 
-    // ICW3: cascading
-    outb(PIC1_DATA, 0x04); pic_wait();  // slave on IRQ 2
-    outb(PIC2_DATA, 0x02); pic_wait();  // cascade identity
+    // ICW3：级联
+    outb(PIC1_DATA, 0x04); pic_wait();  // 从片在 IRQ 2
+    outb(PIC2_DATA, 0x02); pic_wait();  // 级联标识
 
-    // ICW4: 8086 mode
+    // ICW4：8086 模式
     outb(PIC1_DATA, 0x01); pic_wait();
     outb(PIC2_DATA, 0x01); pic_wait();
 
-    // Restore masks
+    // 恢复掩码
     outb(PIC1_DATA, mask1);
     outb(PIC2_DATA, mask2);
 
diff --git a/kernel/interrupt/pit.cpp b/kernel/interrupt/pit.cpp
index 4871437..a3b542d 100644
--- a/kernel/interrupt/pit.cpp
+++ b/kernel/interrupt/pit.cpp
@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ void pit_init(void) {
 
     UINT32 divisor = PIT_BASE_FREQ / PIT_TICK_HZ;
 
-    // Command byte: channel 0, lobyte/hibyte, rate generator, binary
+    // 命令字节：通道 0，低/高字节，速率生成器，二进制
     outb(PIT_COMMAND_PORT, 0x36);
 
-    // Send divisor (low byte first, then high byte)
+    // 发送除数（先低字节后高字节）
     outb(PIT_CHANNEL0_DATA, (UINT8)(divisor & 0xFF));
     outb(PIT_CHANNEL0_DATA, (UINT8)((divisor >> 8) & 0xFF));
 
-    // Unmask IRQ 0 (timer)
+    // 取消屏蔽 IRQ 0（定时器）
     pic_unmask_irq(0);
 
     serial_write("PIT: divisor = ");
diff --git a/kernel/main.cpp b/kernel/main.cpp
index b6d7e0a..ce8cff5 100644
--- a/kernel/main.cpp
+++ b/kernel/main.cpp
@@ -50,16 +50,15 @@ inline void init_serial() {
     }
 }
 
-// External: PIT IRQ handler defined in pit.cpp
+// 外部 PIT 中断处理函数，定义在 pit.cpp
 extern "C" void pit_irq_handler(void);
 
-// PIC IRQ handler — dispatches IRQ 0 (timer)
+// PIC 中断处理 — 分发 IRQ 0（定时器）
 static void irq_handler(trap_frame* frame) {
     UINT8 vector = (UINT8)frame->vector;
     UINT8 irq = vector - PIC_IRQ_BASE;
 
-    // Send EOI BEFORE handling, so PIC can deliver new interrupts
-    // immediately after a context switch inside the handler.
+    // 先发送 EOI 再处理，这样上下文切换后 PIC 可以立即投递新中断
     pic_send_eoi(irq);
 
     switch (irq) {
@@ -81,7 +80,7 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main() {
     uefi_call_wrapper(ST->ConOut->ClearScreen, 1, ST->ConOut);
     serial_write("\n\n");
 
-    // init memory managers
+    // 初始化内存管理器
     serial_write("Sylva: init PMM...\n");
     EFI_STATUS st = pmm_init();
     if (EFI_ERROR(st)) {
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main() {
     serial_write("Sylva: init heap...\n");
     init_heap();
 
-    // test kmalloc/kfree
+    // 测试 kmalloc/kfree
     serial_write("Sylva: kmalloc test...\n");
     void* p1 = kmalloc(64);
     void* p2 = kmalloc(128);
@@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main() {
     // pf_print("Welcome to Sylva OS!\n");
     serial_write(" Kernel prepared well.\n");
 
-    // --- Interrupt infrastructure ---
+    // 初始化中断基础设施
     serial_write("Sylva: init GDT...\n");
     gdt_init();
 
@@ -144,24 +143,24 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main() {
     serial_write("Sylva: init PIC...\n");
     pic_init();
 
-    // Register IRQ handler (vector 0x20 = PIC_IRQ_BASE + 0)
+    // 注册 IRQ 处理函数（向量 0x20 = PIC_IRQ_BASE + 0）
     idt_set_handler(PIC_IRQ_BASE + 0, irq_handler);
 
     serial_write("Sylva: init PIT...\n");
     pit_init();
     pit_set_tick_handler(scheduler_tick);
 
-    // Enable interrupts
+    // 启用中断
     ASM("sti");
     serial_write("Sylva: interrupts enabled\n");
 
-    // --- Multitasking demo ---
+    // 创建多任务演示
     serial_write("Sylva: creating tasks...\n");
 
-    // Init compositor (allocates back buffer, registers keyboard handler)
+    // 初始化合成器（分配后台缓冲区，注册键盘处理）
     layer_init();
 
-    // Create desktop layer (full screen, z=0)
+    // 创建桌面图层（全屏，z=0）
     layer_t* desktop = layer_create("desktop", LAYER_TYPE_DESKTOP, g_gfx.hr, g_gfx.vr);
     if (desktop) {
         layer_set_z(desktop, 0);
@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main() {
         layer_set_pos(desktop, 0, 0);
     }
 
-    // Create window 1 (centered)
+    // 创建窗口 1（居中）
     layer_t* win1 = layer_create("window_1", LAYER_TYPE_WINDOW, 300, 200);
     if (win1) {
         layer_set_pos(win1, (SSINT32)(g_gfx.hr / 2) - 150, (SSINT32)(g_gfx.vr / 2) - 100);
@@ -183,7 +182,7 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main() {
         draw_set_default_target();
     }
 
-    // Create window 2 (offset from center)
+    // 创建窗口 2（偏离中心）
     layer_t* win2 = layer_create("window_2", LAYER_TYPE_WINDOW, 250, 180);
     if (win2) {
         layer_set_pos(win2, (SSINT32)(g_gfx.hr / 2) - 50, (SSINT32)(g_gfx.vr / 2) - 40);
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main() {
         draw_set_default_target();
     }
 
-    // Compositor task (replaces the old demo tasks)
+    // 合成器任务
     task_create("compositor", layer_compositor_task);
 
     serial_write("Sylva: disk read benchmark...\n");
@@ -220,7 +219,7 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main() {
         serial_write_hex(kbps);
         serial_write(" KiB/s)\n");
 
-        // --- TTF demo ---
+        // TTF 渲染演示
         serial_write("Sylva: ttf_open...\n");
         ttf_face_t* face = ttf_open(ttf_buf, ttf_size);
         if (!face) {
@@ -228,7 +227,7 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main() {
         } else {
             serial_write("Sylva: ttf_open OK\n");
 
-            // Create an overlay layer for TTF output (sits above the two demo windows)
+            // 创建 TTF 文本覆盖图层
             const UINT32 TL_W = 500, TL_H = 200;
             layer_t* text_layer = layer_create("ttf_text", LAYER_TYPE_WINDOW, TL_W, TL_H);
             if (text_layer) {
@@ -238,7 +237,7 @@ extern "C" void kernel_main() {
                 draw_set_target(text_layer->buffer, TL_W, TL_H);
                 draw_rect(0, 0, TL_W - 1, TL_H - 1, clear);
 
-                // Render at 4 sizes + mixed CJK
+                // 渲染多种字号和中日韩字符
                 EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL white  = {255, 255, 255, 0};
                 EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL yellow = {255, 240, 80,  0};
                 EFI_GRAPHICS_OUTPUT_BLT_PIXEL cyan   = {80,  220, 255, 0};
diff --git a/kernel/memory/heap.cpp b/kernel/memory/heap.cpp
index cc581bd..a3adae8 100644
--- a/kernel/memory/heap.cpp
+++ b/kernel/memory/heap.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ static void heap_expand(UINTN min_size) {
     new_block->size = pages * PAGE_SIZE;
     new_block->next = NULL;
 
-    // Add to free list (sorted by address for coalescing)
+    // 添加到空闲链表（按地址排序以便合并）
     struct heap_block** prev = &g_heap_free_list;
     while (*prev && (UINT8*)*prev < (UINT8*)new_block) {
         prev = &(*prev)->next;
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ static void heap_expand(UINTN min_size) {
     new_block->next = *prev;
     *prev = new_block;
 
-    // Try to merge with the previous free block if adjacent
+    // 尝试与前一个空闲块合并（如果相邻）
     if (prev != &g_heap_free_list) {
         struct heap_block* prev_block = g_heap_free_list;
         while (prev_block->next != new_block) {
@@ -104,21 +104,21 @@ void* kmalloc(UINTN size) {
     while (*prev) {
         UINTN block_sz = BLOCK_SIZE(*prev);
         if (block_sz >= alloc_size) {
-            // Found a suitable block
+            // 找到合适的块
             struct heap_block* block = *prev;
 
-            // Split if remaining space is useful
+            // 如果剩余空间足够则分割
             if (block_sz >= alloc_size + MIN_BLOCK_SIZE) {
                 struct heap_block* split = (struct heap_block*)((UINT8*)block + alloc_size);
                 split->size = block_sz - alloc_size;
-                // Insert split into free list
+                // 将分割后的块插入空闲链表
                 split->next = block->next;
                 block->size = alloc_size | 1;
                 *prev = split;
             } else {
-                // Use the whole block
+                // 使用整个块
                 *prev = block->next;
-                block->size = block_sz | 1;  // mark used
+                block->size = block_sz | 1;  // 标记为已使用
             }
 
             if (size > 1024) {
@@ -134,11 +134,11 @@ void* kmalloc(UINTN size) {
         prev = &(*prev)->next;
     }
 
-    // Out of memory in current heap — expand
+    // 当前堆空间不足，扩展堆
     UINTN expand_size = alloc_size > PAGE_SIZE ? alloc_size : PAGE_SIZE;
     heap_expand(expand_size);
 
-    // Retry after expansion
+    // 扩展后重试
     return kmalloc(size);
 }
 
@@ -151,14 +151,14 @@ void kfree(void* ptr) {
         return;
     }
 
-    // Mark as free
+    // 标记为空闲
     block->size &= ~(UINTN)1;
 
-    // Merge with next block if it's free
+    // 与下一个空闲块合并
     struct heap_block* next = next_block(block);
     if ((UINT8*)next < (UINT8*)g_heap_end) {
         if (IS_FREE(next)) {
-            // Remove next from free list and merge
+            // 从空闲链表中移除 next 并合并
             block->size += next->size;
             struct heap_block** prev = &g_heap_free_list;
             while (*prev && *prev != next) {
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ void kfree(void* ptr) {
         }
     }
 
-    // Insert block into free list
+    // 将块插入空闲链表
     struct heap_block** prev = &g_heap_free_list;
     while (*prev && (UINT8*)*prev < (UINT8*)block) {
         prev = &(*prev)->next;
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ void* krealloc(void* ptr, UINTN new_size) {
     UINTN old_size = BLOCK_SIZE(block) - HEADER_SIZE;
 
     if (old_size >= new_size) {
-        // Can we split the shrinkage?
+        // 能否分割缩小的部分？
         UINTN shrink = old_size - new_size;
         if (shrink >= MIN_BLOCK_SIZE) {
             block->size = (new_size + HEADER_SIZE) | 1;
diff --git a/kernel/memory/pmm.cpp b/kernel/memory/pmm.cpp
index d3cec15..d92c632 100644
--- a/kernel/memory/pmm.cpp
+++ b/kernel/memory/pmm.cpp
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ static inline BOOLEAN bitmap_test(UINTN idx) {
     return (g_pmm.bitmap[idx / 8] >> (idx % 8)) & 1;
 }
 
-// Clean stale entries from free list head
+// 清理空闲链表头部的过期条目
 static void clean_free_list() {
     while (g_pmm.free_list_head != NULL &&
            bitmap_test((UINTN)g_pmm.free_list_head / PAGE_SIZE)) {
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ EFI_STATUS pmm_init() {
 
     UINTN entry_count = map_size / desc_size;
 
-    // First pass: count total pages and find max physical address
+    // 第一遍：统计总页数并找到最大物理地址
     UINT64 max_addr = 0;
     UINT64 total_free = 0;
     for (UINTN i = 0; i < entry_count; i++) {
@@ -73,16 +73,16 @@ EFI_STATUS pmm_init() {
     g_pmm.base_addr = 0;
     g_pmm.max_addr  = max_addr;
 
-    // How many pages does the bitmap cover?
+    // 位图覆盖的页数
     UINTN total_pages = (UINTN)(max_addr / PAGE_SIZE);
     g_pmm.total_pages = total_pages;
 
-    // Bitmap size in bytes, rounded up to page boundary
+    // 位图大小（字节），向上取整到页边界
     g_pmm.bitmap_size = ((total_pages + 7) / 8);
     UINTN bitmap_pages = (g_pmm.bitmap_size + PAGE_SIZE - 1) / PAGE_SIZE;
     g_pmm.bitmap_size = bitmap_pages * PAGE_SIZE;  // round to full pages
 
-    // Place bitmap at the end of the highest free conventional memory region
+    // 将位图放在最高空闲常规内存区域的末尾
     UINT64 bitmap_addr = 0;
     for (UINTN i = 0; i < entry_count; i++) {
         EFI_MEMORY_DESCRIPTOR* desc = (EFI_MEMORY_DESCRIPTOR*)((UINT8*)mem_map + i * desc_size);
@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@ EFI_STATUS pmm_init() {
 
     g_pmm.bitmap = (UINT8*)(UINTN)bitmap_addr;
 
-    // Init bitmap: mark ALL pages as used (0xFF)
+    // 初始化位图：将所有页标记为已使用
     for (UINTN i = 0; i < g_pmm.bitmap_size; i++) {
         g_pmm.bitmap[i] = 0xFF;
     }
 
-    // Mark free pages (EfiConventionalMemory) as free in bitmap
+    // 将空闲页（EfiConventionalMemory）在位图中标记为空闲
     g_pmm.free_pages = 0;
     UINT64 bm_start_page = bitmap_addr / PAGE_SIZE;
     UINT64 bm_end_page   = (bitmap_addr + g_pmm.bitmap_size + PAGE_SIZE - 1) / PAGE_SIZE;
@@ -123,19 +123,19 @@ EFI_STATUS pmm_init() {
         UINT64 end_page   = start_page + desc->NumberOfPages;
 
         for (UINT64 p = start_page; p < end_page; p++) {
-            // Skip bitmap pages
+            // 跳过位图占用的页
             if (p >= bm_start_page && p < bm_end_page) continue;
             bitmap_clear((UINTN)p);
             g_pmm.free_pages++;
         }
     }
 
-    // Mark bitmap pages as used
+    // 将位图占用的页标记为已使用
     for (UINT64 p = bm_start_page; p < bm_end_page; p++) {
         bitmap_set((UINTN)p);
     }
 
-    // Reserve low memory (first 4 MB) — UEFI firmware may use it during BS calls
+    // 保留低内存（前 4MB）— 固件可能在 Boot Services 调用期间使用
     UINT64 low_reserve_pages = 0x400;
     for (UINT64 p = 0; p < low_reserve_pages && p < g_pmm.total_pages; p++) {
         if (!bitmap_test((UINTN)p)) {
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ EFI_STATUS pmm_init() {
         }
     }
 
-    // Build free list by linking free pages
+    // 通过链接空闲页构建空闲链表
     g_pmm.free_list_head = NULL;
     void* prev = NULL;
     for (UINTN i = 0; i < entry_count; i++) {
diff --git a/kernel/scheduler/scheduler.cpp b/kernel/scheduler/scheduler.cpp
index 52e5c02..188b330 100644
--- a/kernel/scheduler/scheduler.cpp
+++ b/kernel/scheduler/scheduler.cpp
@@ -6,15 +6,15 @@
 #include <common.h>
 #include <serial.h>
 
-// Assembly: context_switch(UINT64* old_rsp, UINT64 new_rsp)
+// 汇编函数：context_switch(UINT64* old_rsp, UINT64 new_rsp)
 extern "C" void context_switch(UINT64* old_rsp, UINT64 new_rsp);
 
 static task_t  g_tasks[TASK_MAX];
 static UINT32  g_task_count = 0;
 static task_t* g_current = NULL;
-static task_t* g_task_list = NULL;  // circular linked list head
+static task_t* g_task_list = NULL;  // 循环链表头
 
-// Trampoline: first thing a new task runs after context_switch.
+// 跳板函数：新任务在 context_switch 后首先执行的函数
 static void (*g_task_entries[TASK_MAX])(void);
 
 extern "C" void task_entry_trampoline() {
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ task_t* task_create(const char* name, void (*entry)(void)) {
 
     g_task_entries[id] = entry;
 
-    // Allocate kernel stack
+    // 分配内核栈
     UINTN stack_pages = TASK_STACK_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE;
     void* stack = pmm_alloc_pages(stack_pages);
     if (!stack) {
@@ -52,24 +52,21 @@ task_t* task_create(const char* name, void (*entry)(void)) {
     task->stack_base = stack;
     task->time_slice = TIME_SLICE_DEFAULT;
 
-    // Copy name
+    // 复制任务名称
     str_copy(task->name, name, TASK_NAME_LEN);
 
-    // Set up initial stack for first context_switch into this task.
-    // Stack grows downward. context_switch will pop 6 regs then ret.
+    // 设置首次 context_switch 时的初始栈
+    // 栈向下增长。context_switch 会弹出 6 个寄存器然后 ret。
     //
-    // Layout (high addr -> low addr):
-    //   [stack + TASK_STACK_SIZE]     <- top
-    //   return addr = task_entry_trampoline  (ret goes here)
+    // 布局（高地址 → 低地址）：
+    //   [stack + TASK_STACK_SIZE]     <- 栈顶
+    //   返回地址 = task_entry_trampoline（ret 跳转到这里）
     //   rbx = 0
     //   rbp = 0
     //   r12 = 0
     //   r13 = 0
     //   r14 = 0
-    //   r15 = 0                       <- RSP points here initially
-    //
-    // When preempted by timer IRQ, the ISR stub saves a full trap_frame
-    // on the task's stack — that layout is only created by hardware+ISR.
+    //   r15 = 0                       <- RSP 初始指向这里
     //
     UINT64* sp = (UINT64*)((UINT8*)stack + TASK_STACK_SIZE);
 
@@ -84,7 +81,7 @@ task_t* task_create(const char* name, void (*entry)(void)) {
 
     task->rsp = (UINT64)sp;
 
-    // Insert into circular linked list
+    // 插入循环链表
     if (g_task_list == NULL) {
         task->next = task;
         g_task_list = task;
@@ -103,7 +100,7 @@ task_t* task_create(const char* name, void (*entry)(void)) {
     return task;
 }
 
-// Find next READY task in the circular list, starting from g_current->next
+// 在循环链表中查找下一个就绪任务
 static task_t* find_next_ready(void) {
     if (g_current == NULL || g_task_list == NULL) return NULL;
 
@@ -117,7 +114,7 @@ static task_t* find_next_ready(void) {
         next = next->next;
     } while (next != start);
 
-    return NULL;  // no READY tasks
+    return NULL;  // 没有就绪任务
 }
 
 void yield(void) {
@@ -137,27 +134,27 @@ void yield(void) {
     context_switch(&cur->rsp, next->rsp);
 }
 
-// Timer tick handler — called from PIT IRQ 0
+// 定时器 tick 处理 — 由 PIT IRQ 0 调用
 void scheduler_tick(void) {
     if (g_current == NULL) return;
 
-    // Decrement time slice
+    // 递减时间片
     if (g_current->time_slice > 0) {
         g_current->time_slice--;
     }
 
-    // If time slice expired, preempt
+    // 时间片用完则抢占
     if (g_current->time_slice == 0) {
         task_t* cur = g_current;
         task_t* next = find_next_ready();
 
         if (next == NULL || next == cur) {
-            // No other task ready, or only this task — reload time slice
+            // 没有其他就绪任务，或仅此一个 — 重置时间片
             cur->time_slice = TIME_SLICE_DEFAULT;
             return;
         }
 
-        // Preempt
+        // 抢占
         cur->state = TASK_STATE_READY;
         cur->time_slice = TIME_SLICE_DEFAULT;
         next->state = TASK_STATE_RUNNING;
@@ -174,7 +171,7 @@ void scheduler_run(void) {
         return;
     }
 
-    // Find first READY task
+    // 查找第一个就绪任务
     task_t* start = g_task_list->next;
     task_t* t = start;
     do {
@@ -197,12 +194,12 @@ void scheduler_run(void) {
     serial_write(t->name);
     serial_write("'\n");
 
-    // First context switch — switch to the task's stack
-    // This will never return (until all tasks terminate)
+    // 首次上下文切换 — 切换到任务栈
+    // 此后不会返回（直到所有任务终止）
     UINT64 dummy_rsp;
     context_switch(&dummy_rsp, t->rsp);
 
-    // We only return here when ALL tasks are terminated
+    // 只有所有任务终止后才会返回到这里
     serial_write("SCHED: all tasks finished\n");
     while (1) ASM ("hlt");
 }
@@ -216,10 +213,10 @@ void task_exit(void) {
 
     g_current->state = TASK_STATE_TERMINATED;
 
-    // Yield to next task — we won't come back
+    // 让出 CPU 给下一个任务 — 不会回来
     yield();
 
-    // Should never reach here
+    // 不应到达此处
     while (1) ASM ("hlt");
 }
 
diff --git a/kernel/serial.cpp b/kernel/serial.cpp
index ca4ec37..7d59a56 100644
--- a/kernel/serial.cpp
+++ b/kernel/serial.cpp
@@ -56,7 +56,6 @@ void serial_write_hex(UINTN val) {
 }
 
 char serial_read_char() {
-    // 后面可能用的上，比如远程调试？
     if (!g_serial.SerialIo) return 0;
     char c = 0;
     UINTN size = 1;